Semiconductor device

ABSTRACT

A semiconductor device includes a lower electrode structure, an upper electrode structure, and a dielectric layer between the lower and upper electrode structures and on side surfaces and an upper surface of the lower electrode structure. The lower electrode structure includes a first lower electrode pattern having a cylindrical shape, a barrier layer on the first lower electrode pattern, and a second lower electrode pattern in a space defined by the barrier layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a continuation application based on pending application Ser. No.16/508,695, filed Jul. 11, 2019, which in turn is a continuation-in-partof application Ser. No. 15/448,683, filed Mar. 3, 2017, now U.S. Pat.No. 10,355,073 B2, issued Jul. 16, 2019, the entire contents of bothbeing hereby incorporated by reference.

Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0088706, filed on Jul. 13, 2016,and entitled, “Semiconductor Device,” is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more embodiments described herein relate to a semiconductordevice.

2. Description of the Related Art

Various types of semiconductor memory devices have been developed. Oneexample is a dynamic random access memory (DRAM). Attempts have beenmade to increase the integration of DRAMs. However, these attempts havereduced the memory cell area and/or have produced other drawbacks.

SUMMARY

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a semiconductor deviceincludes a substrate, a lower electrode structure above the substrateand extending in a direction crossing an upper surface of the substrate,a dielectric layer on side surfaces and an upper surface of the lowerelectrode structure, and an upper electrode structure on the dielectriclayer, wherein the lower electrode structure includes a first lowerelectrode pattern having a cylindrical shape, a barrier layer on thefirst lower electrode pattern, and a second lower electrode pattern in aspace defined by the barrier layer.

In accordance with one or more other embodiments, a semiconductor deviceincludes a substrate, contact plugs in an interlayer insulation patternlayer on the substrate, lower electrode structures above the substrate,abutting respective ones of the contact plugs, and extending in adirection crossing an upper surface of the substrate, supportsconnecting adjacent lower electrode structures, from among the lowerelectrode structures, to each other, a dielectric layer along externalsurfaces of the lower electrode structures and the supports, and anupper electrode structure on the dielectric layer, wherein each of thelower electrode structures includes a first lower electrode patternhaving a cylindrical shape, a barrier layer on the first lower electrodepattern, and a second lower electrode pattern in a space defined by thebarrier layer.

In accordance with one or more other embodiments, a capacitor includes alower and upper electrode structures and a dielectric layer between thelower and upper electrode structures, wherein the lower electrodestructure includes a first electrode pattern, a second electrodepattern, and a barrier layer, the barrier layer on the first electrodepattern and the second electrode pattern in a space defined by thebarrier layer.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a semiconductor deviceincludes: a substrate; a lower electrode structure above the substrateand extending in a direction crossing an upper surface of the substrate;a dielectric layer on side surfaces and an upper surface of the lowerelectrode structure; and an upper electrode structure on the dielectriclayer, wherein the lower electrode structure includes: a first lowerelectrode pattern having a cylindrical shape including a side wall and afloor portion; a barrier layer on an inner surface of the first lowerelectrode pattern; and a second lower electrode pattern in a spacedefined by the barrier layer, wherein the first lower electrode patternincludes: a first portion including a first metal element; and a secondportion including an oxide of the first portion.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a semiconductor deviceincludes: a substrate; a lower electrode structure above the substrateand extending in a direction crossing an upper surface of the substrate;a dielectric layer on side surfaces and an upper surface of the lowerelectrode structure; and an upper electrode structure on the dielectriclayer, wherein the lower electrode structure includes: a first lowerelectrode pattern having a cylindrical shape including a side wall and afloor portion; a barrier layer on an inner surface of the first lowerelectrode pattern; and a second lower electrode pattern in a spacedefined by the barrier layer and having a cylindrical shape including aside wall and a floor portion, wherein an outer side wall of the firstlower electrode pattern is covered by an interlayer insulation layer.

In accordance with one or more embodiments, a semiconductor deviceincludes: a substrate; a first interlayer insulation layer on thesubstrate and exposing an upper surface of a contact plug; a first lowerelectrode pattern having a cylindrical shape including a floor portionand a side wall, wherein the floor portion is connected to the contactplug, and the side wall extends in a direction crossing the floorportion; a barrier layer extending along an inner side wall of the firstlower electrode pattern; a second lower electrode pattern in a spacedefined by the barrier layer; a dielectric layer contacting uppersurfaces of the first lower electrode pattern, the barrier layer, andthe second lower electrode pattern; and an upper electrode structurefacing the second lower electrode pattern with the dielectric layertherebetween, wherein the first lower electrode pattern includes: afirst portion having a first resistance; and a second portion having asecond resistance 10 times or greater compared to the first resistance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features will become apparent to those of skill in the art by describingin detail exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawingsin which:

FIG. 1A illustrates an embodiment of a semiconductor device, and FIG. 1Billustrates a view along section line A-A′ in FIG. 1A;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a rate of increase in resistance basedon the width of a lower electrode before and after a dielectric layerformation process;

FIG. 3 illustrates examples of a rate of increase in resistance based ona lower electrode structure before and after a dielectric layerformation process;

FIG. 4A illustrates examples of a proportion of semiconductor devicesbased on a number of bridge fail bits, and FIG. 4B illustrates anexample of a proportion of semiconductor devices based on a number ofresistive fail bits;

FIG. 5A illustrates examples of a proportion of semiconductor devicesbased on a number of bridge fail bits in ones that have different widthsof second lower electrode patterns, and FIG. 5B illustrates examples ofa proportion of semiconductor devices based on a number of resistivefail bits;

FIG. 6 illustrates another embodiment of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 7 illustrates another embodiment of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 8A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of asemiconductor device, and FIG. 8B illustrates an enlarged view of part Min FIG. 8A;

FIG. 9A illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of asemiconductor device, and FIG. 9B illustrates a view along section lineB-B′ in FIG. 9A;

FIG. 10 illustrates another embodiment of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 11A-11F illustrate various stages in an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor device in FIGS. 1A and 1B;

FIG. 12 illustrates various stages in an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor device in FIGS. 9A and 9B;

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate various stages in an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor device in FIG. 10 ;

FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate other embodiments of a semiconductor device;

FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of asemiconductor device having a transition section between the firstportion and the second portion;

FIG. 17 illustrates various stages in an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor devices in FIGS. 14 to 16 ;

FIG. 18 illustrates another embodiment of a semiconductor device;

FIGS. 19 to 21 schematically illustrate examples of the second lowerelectrode pattern including a first portion and a second portion; and

FIGS. 22A-22G illustrate various stages in an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor device in FIGS. 18 to 21 .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view an embodiment of a semiconductordevice 100, and FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view taken along line A-A′in FIG. 1A Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the semiconductor device 100may include a substrate 101, a lower electrode structure 119 above thesubstrate 101, a dielectric layer 121 on side surfaces and an uppersurface of the lower electrode structure 119, and an upper electrodestructure 123 on the dielectric layer 121. The lower electrode structure119 may include a first lower electrode pattern 113 a having apredetermined (e.g., cylinder) shape, a barrier layer 115 a on the firstlower electrode pattern 113 a, and a second lower electrode pattern 117a in a space defined by the barrier layer 115 a. Electrode pattern 113 amay have a different shape in another embodiment.

The barrier layer 115 a may prevent the occurrence of a bridge betweenadjacent lower electrode structures 119 and an increase in noderesistance of the lower electrode structure 119, by suppressingexcessive oxidation of the lower electrode structure 119 during aprocess of forming the dielectric layer 121.

An interlayer insulation layer 103 may be on the substrate 101, and acontact plug 105 may penetrate the interlayer insulation layer 103 andmay be electrically connected to the substrate 101. The substrate 101may be a semiconductor substrate, for example, a substrate including oneor more semiconductor materials of Si, Ge, SiGe, GaP, GaAs, SiC, SiGeC,InAs, or InP, a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, or the like. Thesubstrate 101 may further include a transistor and/or lines. The contactplug 105 may be connected to the transistor and/or the lines of thesubstrate 101. The contact plug 105 may include, for example, dopedpolysilicon or a metal material.

An etch stop layer 107 may be on the interlayer insulation layer 103 andmay have a shape and/or structure which selectively exposes an uppersurface of the contact plug 105.

The lower electrode structure 119 may abut the upper surface of thecontact plug 105 and extend in a direction (direction Z) perpendicularto an upper surface of the substrate 101. The lower electrode structure119 may include the first lower electrode pattern 113 a having apredetermined (e.g., cylindrical) shape, the barrier layer 115 a on thefirst lower electrode pattern 113 a, and the second lower electrodepattern 117 a in a space defined by the barrier layer 115 a. Thethickness T1 of the first lower electrode pattern 113 a may be less thana width W of the second lower electrode pattern 117 a. The thickness T2of the barrier layer 115 a may be less than the width W of the secondlower electrode pattern 117 a. In one example, the thickness T1 of thefirst lower electrode pattern 113 a may be about 1 to about 30 Å, thethickness T2 of the barrier layer 115 a may be about 1 to about 30 Å,and the width W of the second lower electrode pattern 117 a may be about10 to about 300 Å.

The barrier layer 115 a may block O₃, which is a reaction gas of theformation process of the dielectric layer 121. As a result, O₃ may notintrude into the second lower electrode pattern 117 a. Accordingly, aregion of the second lower electrode pattern 117 a that is oxidized bythe reaction gas O₃ may be decreased. Thus, node resistance increase ora bridge phenomenon between adjacent lower electrode structures causedby volume expansion may be suppressed. At the same time, the first lowerelectrode pattern 113 a thinly formed on the barrier layer 115 a mayprovide a base to allow for deposition of the dielectric layer 121. Forexample, because crystallinity, adhesiveness, and the like, of thedielectric layer 121 are determined according to a lower layer of thedielectric layer 121, the dielectric layer 121 with excellent propertiesmay be formed by providing the first lower electrode pattern 113 ahaving metallicity as the lower layer of dielectric layer 121.

Even in this case, the first lower electrode pattern 113 a may bepartially oxidized by the reaction gas O₃. However, since the thicknessT1 of the first lower electrode pattern 113 a is less than the width Wof the second lower electrode pattern 117 a, an increase in the overallresistance of the lower electrode structure 119 and the bridgephenomenon caused by volume expansion may be suppressed.

The barrier layer 115 a may be metal silicon nitride. For example, thebarrier layer 115 a may be TiSiN, TaSiN, WSiN, ZrSiN, AlSiN, or thelike. In some embodiments, the barrier layer 115 a may have a siliconconcentration gradient in a thickness direction of the barrier layer 115a. For example, the concentration of silicon in the barrier layer 115 amay decrease in a direction from a first interface between the firstlower electrode pattern 113 a and the barrier layer 115 a to a secondinterface between the barrier layer 115 a and the second lower electrodepattern 117 a.

In some embodiments, the barrier layer 115 a may have a multilayerstructure in which a silicon concentration of an upper barrier layer maybe lower than that of a lower barrier layer. In some embodiments, thebarrier layer 115 a may have a structure including a metal nitride layerand a silicon nitride layer which are stacked alternately at least once.

The first and second lower electrode patterns 113 a and 117 a includemetal or metal nitride. For example, each of the first and second lowerelectrode patterns 113 a and 117 a may include at least one of Ti, TiN,W, WN, Ta, TaN, HfN, ZrN, TiAlN, TaSiN, TiSiN, TaAlN, or the like. Eachof the first and second lower electrode patterns 113 a and 117 a mayhave a single-layer structure or a multilayer structure.

The dielectric layer 121 may be on the side surfaces and the uppersurface of the lower electrode structure 119. A top surface 113 aT ofthe first lower electrode pattern 113 a, a top surface 115 aT of thebarrier layer 115 a, and a top surface 117 aT of the second lowerelectrode pattern 117 a may be at the same level as one another. Thedielectric layer 121 may cover the top surface 113 aT of the first lowerelectrode pattern 113 a, the top surface 115 aT of the barrier layer 115a, and the top surface 117 aT of the second lower electrode pattern 117a. In some embodiments, the second lower electrode pattern 117 a maycover the top surface 113 aT of the first lower electrode pattern 113 aand the top surface 115 aT of the barrier layer 115 a.

The dielectric layer 121 may have a single layer structure including atantalum oxide film (Ta₂O₅), an aluminum oxide film (Al₂O₃), or atitanium oxide film (TiO) or may have a multilayer structure includingtantalum oxide film/titanium oxide film, aluminum oxide film/titaniumoxide film, or the like.

The upper electrode structure 123 may be on the dielectric layer 121.The upper electrode structure 123 may include metal or metal nitride.For example, the upper electrode structure 123 may include at least oneof Ti, TiN, W, WN, Ta, TaN, HfN, ZrN, TiAlN, TaSiN, TiSiN, TaAlN, or thelike. The upper electrode structure 123 may have a single-layerstructure or a multilayer structure.

FIG. 2 is a graph showing an example a rate of increase in resistancebased on the width of a lower electrode of a proposed semiconductordevice before and after a dielectric layer formation process. FIG. 3 isa graph showing examples of rates of increase in sheet resistanceaccording to the lower electrode structures of comparative examples andan embodiment before and after a dielectric layer formation process.

When the resistance of the lower electrode of a capacitor increases,node resistance of the capacitor increases. Thus, performance of asemiconductor device may degrade. A reaction gas introduced during adielectric layer formation process may oxidize the lower electrode andincrease the resistance of the lower electrode.

In FIG. 2 , trend line 1 L1 corresponds to resistance based on the widthof a lower electrode before a dielectric layer formation process. Trendline 2 L2 corresponds to resistance based on the width of a lowerelectrode after the dielectric layer formation process. Trend line 3 L3corresponds to the rate of increase in resistance based on the width ofa lower electrode before and after the dielectric layer formationprocess.

Referring to the trend line 1 L1, resistance increases as the width ofthe lower electrode decreases. Accordingly, as the semiconductor devicetends to be integrated, a resistance increase of the lower electrode isunavoidable and a structure for suppressing additional resistanceincrease is necessary.

Referring to the trend line 2 L2, after the process of forming adielectric layer on the lower electrode, resistance increases in everywidth range of the lower electrode. Also, the width of resistanceincrease greatly increases as the width of the lower electrodedecreases.

Referring to the trend line 3 L3, the rate of increase in resistancebefore and after the dielectric layer formation process increases as thewidth of the lower electrode decreases. When the width of the lowerelectrode is about 7.5, the rate of increase in resistance after thedielectric layer formation process is about 17.9%. When the width of thelower electrode is about 3, the rate of increase in resistance after thedielectric layer formation process increases to about 124.6%. Thus, asthe width of the lower electrode tends to decrease, oxidation of thelower electrode caused by the dielectric layer formation process mayaffect resistance of the lower electrode more significantly.

Referring to FIG. 3 , comparative example 1 corresponds to a lowerelectrode including a metal material, and more particularly, TiN.Comparative example 2 corresponds to a lower electrode including abarrier layer material, and more particularly, TiSiN. The exampleembodiment corresponds to a lower electrode structure in FIGS. 1A and1B, namely, a lower electrode structure including a first lowerelectrode pattern including TiN, a barrier layer including TiSiN on thefirst lower electrode pattern, and a second lower electrode patternincluding TiN on the barrier layer. The thickness of the first lowerelectrode pattern may be less than the width of the second lowerelectrode pattern.

Referring to comparative example 1, the sheet resistance of the lowerelectrode before a dielectric layer formation process is about 0.70, andthe sheet resistance of the lower electrode after the dielectric layerformation process increases to about 1.38. Thus, the rate of increase insheet resistance is about 97%. Thus, the lower electrode is oxidized bya reaction gas O₃ introduced during the dielectric layer formationprocess. Thus, sheet resistance of the lower electrode may greatlyincrease. In this case, the sheet resistance far exceeds a resistancelevel that is planned in semiconductor device design, and thusreliability of a semiconductor device may degrade.

Referring to comparative example 2, the sheet resistance of the lowerelectrode before a dielectric layer formation process is about 6.00, andthe sheet resistance of the lower electrode after the dielectric layerformation process is about 7.50. Thus, sheet resistance of the materialitself is very high. Accordingly, apart from the rate of increase insheet resistance caused by the dielectric layer formation process, thelower electrode corresponding to comparative example 2 may be hard touse in a semiconductor device requiring low-resistive node resistance.

Referring to the example embodiment, the sheet resistance of the lowerelectrode before a dielectric layer formation process is about 0.60, andthe sheet resistance of the lower electrode after the dielectric layerformation process increases to about 0.66. Thus, the rate of increase insheet resistance is about 10%. As a result, the resistance level plannedin semiconductor device design may be relatively stably maintained, andreliability of a semiconductor device may be therefore be obtained.

Moreover, a reaction gas O₃ introduced during the dielectric layerformation process of the example embodiment may mainly react with thefirst lower electrode pattern corresponding to a surface of the lowerelectrode structure, and intrusion of the reaction gas O₃ into thesecond lower electrode pattern may be suppressed by the barrier layer.Accordingly, oxidization of the second lower electrode pattern occupyingmost of the lower electrode structure is suppressed. Thus, the rate ofincrease in overall sheet resistance of the lower electrode structuremay be very low.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, in some embodiments, a first sheetresistance of the first lower electrode pattern 113 a may be about twiceas much as a second sheet resistance of the second lower electrodepattern 117 a or greater. The first sheet resistance of the first lowerelectrode pattern 113 a may correspond to about 1.38, which is the sheetresistance of the lower electrode after the dielectric layer formationprocess in comparative example 1. The second sheet resistance of thesecond lower electrode pattern 117 a may correspond to a numerical valueless than about 0.66, which is the sheet resistance of the lowerelectrode after the dielectric layer formation process in theembodiment.

According to the graph of FIG. 3 , the first sheet resistance of thefirst lower electrode pattern 113 a may be about 2.1 times greater thanthe second sheet resistance of the second lower electrode pattern 117 a.The difference in sheet resistance between the first lower electrodepattern 113 a and the second lower electrode pattern 117 a may begenerated by oxidation caused by the reaction gas O₃. Since the secondlower electrode pattern 117 a has the reaction gas O₃ blocked by thebarrier layer 115 a, and thus oxidation of the second lower electrodepattern 117 a is suppressed, the second lower electrode pattern 117 amay have a sheet resistance less than that of the first lower electrodepattern 113 a.

FIG. 4A is a graph showing proportions of memory chips based on numbersof bridge fail bits in memory chips for comparative example of asemiconductor device and an example embodiment of the semiconductordevice 100 in FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 4B is a graph showing proportions ofmemory chips based on numbers of resistive fail bits for the comparativeexample and the example embodiment.

Referring to FIG. 4A, in the example embodiment, about 80% of the totalmemory chips have bridge fail bits in a first fail bit number N1 orless. On the other hand, in the comparative example, the proportion ofmemory chips having bridge fail bits in the first fail bit number N1 orless in the total memory chips is merely about 30%. In the comparativeexample, about 80% of the total memory chips is in a range equal to orless than a second fail bit number N2, which corresponds to about twicethe first fail bit number N1. Thus, in a semiconductor device includinga lower electrode structure corresponding to the example embodiment, abridge phenomenon between lower electrode structures is suppressed andthe frequency of occurrence of bridge fail bits is low. Thus, a memorychip having high reliability may be provided.

Referring to FIG. 4B, in the example embodiment, about 80% of the totalmemory chips have resistive fail bits in a first fail bit number N3 orless. On the other hand, in the comparative example, the proportion ofmemory chips having resistive fail bits in the first fail bit number N3or less in the total memory chips is merely about 20% or about 40%. Inthe comparative example, about 80% of the total memory chips is in arange equal to or less than a second fail bit number N4, which is aboutquadruple the first fail bit number N3. Thus, in a semiconductor deviceincluding a lower electrode structure corresponding to the exampleembodiment, the increase in resistance of the lower electrode structureis suppressed and the frequency of occurrence of resistive fail bits islow. Thus, a memory chip having high reliability may be provided.

FIG. 5A is a graph showing proportions of memory chips based on numbersof bridge fail bits in memory chips for different embodiments of thesemiconductor device 100 in FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 5B is a graph showingproportions of memory chips based on numbers of resistive fail bits fordifferent embodiments. In FIGS. 5A and 5B, embodiment 1 may be memorychips including semiconductor devices having second lower electrodepatterns that are about 40 Å in width, and embodiment 2 may be memorychips including semiconductor devices having second lower electrodepatterns that are about 20 Å in width.

Referring to FIG. 5A, in embodiment 1, the total memory chips havebridge fail bits in a first fail bit number N5 or less. In embodiment 2,the proportion of memory chips having bridge fail bits in the first failbit number N5 or less in the total memory chips is merely about 10% orless. In embodiment 2, about 40% or about 70% of the total memory chipsis in a range equal to or less than a second fail bit number N6, whichis about quintuple the first fail bit number N5. Thus, in the lowerelectrode structure 119 in the semiconductor device 100 of FIGS. 1A and1B, when the width W of the second lower electrode pattern 117 a isabout 40 Å or greater, a bridge phenomenon between lower electrodestructures 119 may be suppressed and the frequency of occurrence ofbridge fail bits is low. Thus, a memory chip with high reliability maybe provided.

Referring to FIG. 5B, in embodiment 1, 80% of the total memory chips hasresistive fail bits in a first fail bit number N7 or less. In embodiment2, the proportion of memory chips having resistive fail bits in thefirst fail bit number N7 or less in the total memory chips is merelyabout 20%. In embodiment 2, about 80% of the total memory chips is in arange equal to or less than a second fail bit number N8, which is aboutsextuple the first fail bit number N7. Thus, in the lower electrodestructure 119 in the semiconductor device 100 of FIGS. 1A and 1B, whenthe width W of the second lower electrode pattern 117 a is about 40 Å orgreater, the increase in resistance of the lower electrode structure 119is suppressed. Accordingly, the frequency of occurrence of resistivefail bits is low. Thus, a memory chip having high reliability may beprovided.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of asemiconductor device 200. The semiconductor device 200 is similar to thesemiconductor device 100 in FIGS. 1A and 1B, except for a siliconconcentration gradient in a barrier layer 215 a.

Referring to FIG. 6 , the semiconductor device 200 may include thesubstrate 101, a lower electrode structure 219 above the substrate 101,the dielectric layer 121 on side surfaces and an upper surface of thelower electrode structure 219, and the upper electrode structure 123 onthe dielectric layer 121. The lower electrode structure 219 may includethe first lower electrode pattern 113 a having a predetermined (e.g.,cylindrical) shape, the barrier layer 215 a on the first lower electrodepattern 113 a, and the second lower electrode pattern 117 a in a spacedefined by the barrier layer 215 a.

The barrier layer 215 a may have a silicon concentration gradient inwhich the concentration of silicon in the barrier layer 215 a decreasesin a direction from a first interface INF1 between the first lowerelectrode pattern 113 a and the barrier layer 215 a to a secondinterface INF2 between the barrier layer 215 a and the second lowerelectrode pattern 117 a. A region of the barrier layer 215 a that abutsthe first interface INF1 has a high silicon concentration, and thus maydefend against intrusion of a reaction gas O₃ introduced for adielectric layer formation process. At the same time, a region of thebarrier layer 215 a that abuts the second interface INF2 has a lowsilicon concentration, and thus may control resistance of the lowerelectrode structure 219 itself not to be increased by the barrier layer215 a.

In some embodiments, the barrier layer 215 a may be metal siliconnitride having a silicon concentration gradient in a thickness directionof the barrier layer 215 a. For example, the barrier layer 215 a may beTiSiN, TaSiN, WSiN, ZrSiN, AlSiN, or the like, having a siliconconcentration gradient in a thickness direction of the barrier layer 215a. The silicon concentration gradient may be formed, for example, byadjusting flow of a silicon source for forming the barrier layer 215 a.For example, the silicon concentration gradient may be formed byincreasing flow of SiH₄ or SiH₂Cl₂, which is a silicon source, during anearly period of forming the barrier layer 215 a on the first lowerelectrode pattern 113 a and gradually decreasing the flow of the siliconsource according to time.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of asemiconductor device 300. The semiconductor device 300 is similar to thesemiconductor device 100 of FIGS. 1A and 1B, except for a barrier layer315 a which has a multilayer structure.

Referring to FIG. 7 , the semiconductor device 300 may include thesubstrate 01, a lower electrode structure 319 above the substrate 101,the dielectric layer 121 on side surfaces and an upper surface of thelower electrode structure 319, and the upper electrode structure 123 onthe dielectric layer 121. The lower electrode structure 319 may includethe first lower electrode pattern 113 a having a predetermined (e.g.,cylindrical) shape, the barrier layer 315 a on the first lower electrodepattern 113 a, and the second lower electrode pattern 117 a in a spacedefined by the barrier layer 315 a.

The barrier layer 315 a may include a structure in which a lower barrierlayer 315 a 1 and an upper barrier layer 315 a 2 are stacked in thestated order. The lower barrier layer 315 a 1 may include metal siliconnitride having a first silicon concentration. The upper barrier layer315 a 2 may include metal silicon nitride having a second siliconconcentration lower than the first silicon concentration. The lowerbarrier layer 315 a 1 of the barrier layer 315 a, which abuts the firstinterface INF1, has the first silicon concentration that is high and,thus, may effectively defend against intrusion of a reaction gas O₃introduced for a dielectric layer formation process. At the same time,the upper barrier layer 315 a 2 of the barrier layer 315 a, which abutsthe second interface INF2, has the second silicon concentration that islow and, thus, may control resistance of the lower electrode structure319 itself not to be increased by the barrier layer 315 a.

Each of the lower barrier layer 315 a 1 and the upper barrier layer 315a 2 may include at least one of TiSiN, TaSiN, WSiN, ZrSiN, or AlSiN and,for example, may include different materials from each other.

FIG. 8A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of asemiconductor device 400. FIG. 8B is an enlarged view of part M in FIG.8A. The semiconductor device 400 is similar to the semiconductor device100 of FIGS. 1A and 1B, except that a barrier layer 415 a has amultilayer structure. For example, the barrier layer 415 a of thesemiconductor device 400 may have a structure in which a layer includingno silicon and a layer including silicon are alternately stacked atleast once.

Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the semiconductor device 400 may includethe substrate 101, a lower electrode structure 419 above the substrate101, the dielectric layer 121 on side surfaces and an upper surface ofthe lower electrode structure 419, and the upper electrode structure 123on the dielectric layer 121. The lower electrode structure 419 mayinclude the first lower electrode pattern 113 a having a predetermined(e.g., cylindrical) shape, the barrier layer 415 a on the first lowerelectrode pattern 113 a, and the second lower electrode pattern 117 a ina space defined by the barrier layer 415 a.

The barrier layer 415 a may have a multilayer structure in which a layerincluding no silicon and a layer including silicon are alternatelystacked at least once. In some embodiments, the barrier layer 415 a mayinclude a first metal nitride layer 415 a 1, a first silicon nitridelayer 415 a 2, a second metal nitride layer 415 a 3, a second siliconnitride layer 415 a 4, and a third metal nitride layer 415 a 5 stackedon the first lower electrode pattern 113 a in the stated order. A firstthickness T3 of the first metal nitride layer 415 a 1 may be less than asecond thickness T4 of the second metal nitride layer 415 a 3. Thesecond thickness T4 may be less than a third thickness T5 of the thirdmetal nitride layer 415 a 5. A silicon concentration gradient in athickness direction of the barrier layer 415 a may appear according tothickness differences in the first to third metal nitride layers 415 a1, 415 a 3, and 415 a 5 adjacent to the first and second silicon nitridelayers 415 a 2 and 415 a 4. For example, the silicon concentrationgradient may increase in a direction toward the first lower electrodepattern 113 a of the barrier layer 415 a. Such a silicon concentrationgradient may effectively defend against intrusion of a reaction gas O₃introduced for a dielectric layer formation process.

In FIGS. 8A and 8B, the barrier layer 415 a includes five layers. Inanother embodiment, the barrier layer 415 a may include two to four orsix or more layers.

FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of asemiconductor device 500 according to embodiments. FIG. 9B is across-sectional view taken along line B-B′ in FIG. 9A. The semiconductordevice 500 is similar to the semiconductor device 100 of FIGS. 1A and1B, except that a second lower electrode pattern 517 a is on a firstlower electrode pattern 513 a and a barrier layer 515 a.

Referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, the semiconductor device 500 may includethe substrate 101, a lower electrode structure 519 above the substrate101, the dielectric layer 121 on side surfaces and an upper surface ofthe lower electrode structure 519, and the upper electrode structure 123on the dielectric layer 121. The lower electrode structure 519 mayinclude the first lower electrode pattern 513 a having a predetermined(e.g., cylindrical) shape, the barrier layer 515 a on the first lowerelectrode pattern 513 a, and the second lower electrode pattern 517 a.

In one embodiment, the second lower electrode pattern 517 a may includea first portion 517 aP1 filling a space defined by the barrier layer 515a and a second portion 517 aP2 covering a top surface 513 aT of thefirst lower electrode pattern 513 a and a top surface 515 aT of thebarrier layer 515 a. Thus, a top surface 517 aT of the second lowerelectrode pattern 517 a may be at a higher level than the top surface513 aT of the first lower electrode pattern 513 a and the top surface515 aT of the barrier layer 515 a. Cross-sections of the first lowerelectrode pattern 513 a and the barrier layer 515 a may be U-shaped, anda cross-section of the second lower electrode pattern 517 a may beT-shaped. These cross-sectional shapes may be different in anotherembodiment.

The dielectric layer 121 covering the lower electrode structure 519 mayabut side surfaces of the first lower electrode pattern 513 a and sidesurfaces and an upper surface of the second portion 517 aP2 of thesecond lower electrode pattern 517 a and may not abut the barrier layer515 a.

Thus, in a cross-section of the lower electrode structure 519 taken longline B-B′, only cross-sections of the second lower electrode pattern 517a, the dielectric layer 121, and the upper electrode structure 123 maybe shown, and cross-sections of the first lower electrode pattern 513 aand the barrier layer 515 a may not be shown.

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of asemiconductor device 600. The semiconductor device 600 is similar to thesemiconductor device 100 of FIGS. 1A and 1B, except that supports 610-1b and 610-2 b are between adjacent lower electrode structures 619, and adielectric layer 621 and an upper electrode structure 623 extend alongthe lower electrode structures 619 and the supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b.

Referring to FIG. 10 , the semiconductor device 600 may include thesubstrate 101, a plurality of lower electrode structures 619 above thesubstrate 101, the supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b connecting adjacentlower electrode structures 619 from among the plurality of lowerelectrode structures 619, the dielectric layer 621 extending along sidesurfaces and upper surfaces of the lower electrode structures 619 andthe supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b, and the upper electrode structure 623on the dielectric layer 621. Each of the lower electrode structures 619may include a first lower electrode pattern 613 a having a predetermined(e.g., cylindrical) shape, a barrier layer 615 a on the first lowerelectrode pattern 613 a, and a second lower electrode pattern 617 a in aspace defined by the barrier layer 615 a.

The supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b may each include an insulatingmaterial. For example, each of the supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b mayinclude a silicon nitride layer, a silicon oxide layer, or a siliconoxynitride layer. The supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b may prevent the lowerelectrode structures 619 from becoming slanted or falling down due to ahigh aspect ratio.

FIGS. 11A-11F illustrate various stages of an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor device 100 in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Methodsfor manufacturing the semiconductor device 200 in FIG. 6 , thesemiconductor device 300 in FIG. 7 , and the semiconductor device 400 inFIGS. 8A and 8B will also be described with reference to FIGS. 11A-11F.

Referring to FIG. 11A, a preliminary interlayer insulation layer may beformed on the substrate 101. The interlayer insulation layer 103,including a contact hole exposing a surface of the substrate 101, may beformed by etching a partial region of the preliminary interlayerinsulation layer. The surface of the substrate 101 that is exposed tothe bottom of the contact hole may be a surface of a transistor or aline in the substrate 101. The contact plug 105 may be formed by fillingthe contact hole with a conductive material and performing polishing toexpose an upper surface of the interlayer insulation layer 103. The etchstop layer 107 may be formed on the interlayer insulation layer 103 andthe contact plug 105, the etch stop layer 107 including an insulatingmaterial.

Referring to FIG. 11B, a mold layer 109 may be formed on the etch stoplayer 107. The mold layer 109 may be a layer for forming the lowerelectrode structure 119 in FIGS. 1A and 1B. Accordingly, the thicknessof the mold layer 109 may be formed to be the same as or higher than aheight of the lower electrode structure 119. The mold layer 109 mayinclude a material having high etch selectivity with respect to the etchstop layer 107. The mold layer 109 may include, for example, siliconoxide and may include BPSG, TOSZ, HDP, PE-TEOS, etc.

In FIG. 11B, the mold layer 109 has a single-layer structure. In anotherembodiment, mold layer 109 may have a multilayer structure of differentmaterials. In some embodiments, instead of mold layer 109, a complexlayer may be formed to include a sacrificial layer and a supportinglayer alternately stacked at least once.

Referring to FIG. 11C, the mold layer 109 and the etch stop layer 107 ofFIG. 11B may be partially etched to form an opening OP exposing an uppersurface of the contact plug 105. Thus, an etch stop layer 107 and a moldlayer pattern 109 a exposing the upper surface of the contact plug 105may be formed on the interlayer insulation layer 103 and the contactplug 105.

Referring to FIG. 11D, a first lower electrode layer 113 covering innerside surfaces and the bottom of the opening OP of FIG. 11C may beformed. The first lower electrode layer 113 may be formed, for example,by atomic layer deposition (ALD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), orphysical vapor deposition (PVD).

Afterwards, a preliminary barrier layer 115 may be formed on the firstlower electrode layer 113. The preliminary barrier layer 115 may beformed by ALD, CVD, or PVD. The preliminary barrier layer 115 may bemetal silicon nitride, for example, TiSiN, TaSiN, WSiN, ZrSiN, AlSiN, orthe like. In some embodiments, when the preliminary barrier layer 115 isTiSiN, the preliminary barrier layer 115 may be formed by using SiH₄ orSiH₂Cl₂, which is a silicon source, TiCl₄, which is a titanium source,and N₂ or NH₃ gas, which is a nitrogen source.

Afterwards, a second lower electrode layer 117 may be formed on thepreliminary barrier layer 115 to fill a space defined by the preliminarybarrier layer 115. The second lower electrode layer 117 may be formed byALD, CVD, or PVD.

Referring to FIG. 11E, upper portions of the first lower electrode layer113, the preliminary barrier layer 115, and the second lower electrodelayer 117 may be removed to expose an upper surface of the mold layerpattern 109 a. The removing process may be performed, for example, by achemical mechanical polishing process or an etch back process. Accordingto the removing process, the lower electrode structure 119 of FIGS. 1Aand 1B may be formed to extend in a direction perpendicular to an uppersurface of the substrate 101. The lower electrode structure 119 mayinclude the first lower electrode pattern 113 a having a predetermined(e.g., cylindrical) shape, the barrier layer 115 a having apredetermined (e.g., cylindrical) shape in a space defined by the firstlower electrode pattern 113 a, and the second lower electrode pattern117 a having a predetermined (e.g., bar) shape in a space defined by thebarrier layer 115 a.

Referring to FIG. 11F, the mold layer pattern 109 a may be removed fromthe substrate 101 and the lower electrode structure 119. The removingprocess of the mold layer pattern 109 a may be performed, for example,by a wet etching process. Side surfaces and an upper surface of thelower electrode structure 119 and an upper surface of the etch stoplayer 107 may be exposed by the removing process of the mold layerpattern 109 a. Side surfaces and a top surface of the first lowerelectrode pattern 113 a, a top surface of the barrier layer 115 a, and atop surface of the second lower electrode pattern 117 a may be exposedby the removing process of the mold layer pattern 109 a.

After the removing process, the dielectric layer 121 covering theexposed side surfaces and upper surface of the lower electrode structure119 may be formed. The dielectric layer 121 may include TiO₂ or TiONformed, for example, using TiH gas and O₃ gas as a reaction gas. Thereaction gas O₃ may react with the first lower electrode pattern 113 aand oxidize the first lower electrode pattern 113 a. However, intrusionof the reaction gas O₃ into the second lower electrode pattern 117 a maybe prevented by the barrier layer 115 a. Thus, oxidization of the secondlower electrode pattern 117 a may be suppressed. The dielectric layer121 may be formed by ALD, CVD, or PVD.

After the dielectric layer 121 is formed, a heat treatment process maybe further performed. The heat treatment process may improvecrystallinity of the first lower electrode pattern 113 a, that is alower layer of the dielectric layer 121, and thus may improvecrystallinity of the dielectric layer 121 formed on first lowerelectrode pattern 113 a. When crystallinity of the dielectric layer 121increases, a dielectric constant of the dielectric layer 121 mayincrease.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the upper electrode structure 123 may beformed on the dielectric layer 121 to manufacture the semiconductordevice 100. The upper electrode structure 123 may be formed by ALD, CVD,or PVD.

A method for manufacturing the semiconductor device 200 of FIG. 6 may bein accordance with the process described with reference to FIGS. 11A to11F, except that a silicon concentration gradient is formed in athickness direction of preliminary barrier layer 115 during a formationprocess of preliminary barrier layer 115 in FIG. 11D.

Referring to FIG. 6 , the barrier layer 215 a of FIG. 6 may be formed byadjusting flow of a silicon source according to process progress. Forexample, the silicon concentration gradient may be formed by increasingflow of SiH₄ or SiH₂Cl₂, which is a silicon source, during an earlyperiod of forming the barrier layer 215 a on the first lower electrodepattern 113 a and gradually decreasing the flow of the silicon sourceover time.

The methods for manufacturing the semiconductor devices 300 and 400 inFIGS. 7 to 8B may be in accordance with the process described withreference to FIGS. 11A-11F, except that a multilayer structure is formedduring the formation process of the preliminary barrier layer 115 inFIG. 11D.

Referring to FIG. 7 , the lower barrier layer 315 a 1 and the upperbarrier layer 315 a 2 may be respectively formed using differentmaterials as sources. Referring to FIGS. 8A and 8B, the first metalnitride layer 415 a 1, the first silicon nitride layer 415 a 2, thesecond metal nitride layer 415 a 3, the second silicon nitride layer 415a 4, and the third metal nitride layer 415 a 5 may be stacked in thisstated order on the first lower electrode pattern 113 a. The thicknessesT3, T4, and T5 of the first to third metal nitride layers 415 a 1, 415 a3, and 415 a 5 may be different from one another, for example, based ondifferent deposition time periods.

FIG. 12 illustrates various stages of an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor device 500 in FIGS. 9A and 9B. Thepreceding process described with reference to FIGS. 11A to 11C may beapplied the same to the method of manufacturing the semiconductor device500.

Referring to FIG. 12 , a preliminary first lower electrode layer and apreliminary barrier layer covering inner side surfaces and the bottom ofthe opening OP may be formed in the opening OP of the etch stop layer107 and the mold layer pattern 109 a of FIG. 11C.

Afterwards, upper portions of the preliminary first lower electrodelayer and the preliminary barrier layer may be removed to expose anupper surface of the mold layer pattern 109 a. The removing process maybe performed, for example, by a chemical mechanical polishing process oran etch back process. The top surface 513 aT of the first lowerelectrode pattern 513 a and the top surface 515 aT of the barrier layer515 a may be formed to be lower than a top surface 109T of the moldlayer pattern 109 a.

Afterwards, referring to FIGS. 9A and 9B, the second lower electrodepattern 517 a filling the opening OP defined by the first lowerelectrode pattern 513 a and the barrier layer 515 a may be formed. Thesecond lower electrode pattern 517 a may be formed to cover the topsurface 513 aT of the first lower electrode pattern 513 a and the topsurface 515 aT of the barrier layer 515 a. Succeeding processesdescribed with reference to FIGS. 11E and 11F may be used to manufacturesemiconductor device 500.

FIGS. 13A-13D illustrate various stages of an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor device 600 in FIG. 10 . The method formanufacturing the semiconductor device 600 is similar to the methoddescribed with reference to FIGS. 11A to 11F, except that sacrificiallayers 609-1, 609-2, and 609-3 and supporting layers 610-1 and 610-2 areformed above the substrate 101 in order to form the supports 610-1 b and610-2 b of FIG. 10 .

Referring to FIG. 13A, the sacrificial layers 609-1, 609-2, and 609-3and the supporting layers 610-1 and 610-2 may be alternately formed onthe etch stop layer 107 that is formed on the interlayer insulationlayer 103 and the contact plug 105. The sacrificial layers 609-1, 609-2,and 609-3 may include, for example silicon oxide. The sacrificial layers609-1, 609-2, and 609-3 may include, for example, silicon nitride. Inone embodiment, the sacrificial layers 609-1, 609-2, and 609-3 mayinclude silicon nitride. In this case, the sacrificial layers 609-1 and609-2 may include silicon oxide. The sacrificial layers 609-1, 609-2,and 609-3 may be formed to be thicker than the supporting layers 610-1and 610-2.

Referring to FIG. 13B, the sacrificial layers 609-1, 609-2, and 609-3,the supporting layers 610-1 and 610-2, and the etch stop layer 107 maybe partially etched to form openings exposing an upper surface of thecontact plug 105. Thus, the etch stop layer 107, sacrificial patterns609-1 a, 609-2 a, and 609-3 a, and supporting patterns 610-1 a and 610-2a including the openings exposing the upper surface of the contact plug105 may be formed on the interlayer insulation layer 103 and the contactplug 105.

Afterwards, preliminary first lower electrode layers and preliminarybarrier layers covering inner side surfaces and the bottom of theopenings may be formed, and preliminary second lower electrode layersfilling spaces defined by the preliminary barrier layers may be formed.

Next, upper portions of the preliminary first lower electrode layers,the preliminary barrier layers, and the preliminary second lowerelectrode layers may be removed to expose an upper surface of thesacrificial pattern 609-3 a. According to the removing process, thelower electrode structures 619 extending in a direction perpendicular toan upper surface of the substrate 101 may be formed. The lower electrodestructures 619 may each include the first lower electrode pattern 613 a,the barrier layer 615 a, and the second lower electrode pattern 617 a.

Referring to FIG. 13C, the sacrificial layers 609-1, 609-2, and 609-3may be removed leaving the lower electrode structures 619 and thesupporting patterns 610-1 a and 610-2 a. In this case, so that onlysupports 610-1 b and 610-2 b, from among the supporting patterns 610-1 aand 610-2 a, that connect at least two adjacent lower electrodestructures 619 to each other may remain, the supporting patterns 610-1 aand 610-2 a excluding the supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b may be removedusing a mask.

Referring to FIG. 13D, a process may be performed to form the dielectriclayer 621 on exterior walls of the lower electrode structures 619 and toconnect the supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b to the lower electrodestructures 619. The dielectric layer 621 may be formed along sidesurfaces and upper surfaces of the lower electrode structures 619 andthe supports 610-1 b and 610-2 b.

Afterwards, referring to FIG. 10 , upper electrode structure 623 may beformed on the dielectric layer 621 of FIG. 13D to manufacturesemiconductor device 600.

FIGS. 14 and 15 are cross-sectional views of another embodiments ofsemiconductor devices 700 and 700A. The semiconductor devices 700 and700A are similar to the semiconductor device 100 in FIGS. 1A and 1B,except for configurations of a first lower electrode pattern 713 a.

Referring to FIG. 14 , the semiconductor device 700 may include thesubstrate 101, a lower electrode structure 719 above the substrate 101,the dielectric layer 121 on side surfaces and an upper surface of thelower electrode structure 719, and the upper electrode structure 123 onthe dielectric layer 121. The lower electrode structure 719 may includethe first lower electrode pattern 713 a having a predetermined (e.g.,cylinder) shape, the barrier layer 115 a on the first lower electrodepattern 713 a, and the second lower electrode pattern 117 a in a spacedefined by the barrier layer 115 a.

The first lower electrode pattern 713 a may include a side wall 713 awand a floor portion 713 af. The floor portion 713 af may be flat and maycontact the contact plug 105 or be electrically connected to the contactplug 105. The side wall 713 aw may vertically extend along the edge ofthe floor portion 713 af and may define an inner space in which thebarrier layer 115 a and the second lower electrode pattern 117 a areprovided. In some embodiments, the side wall 713 aw may have a cylindershape.

The first lower electrode pattern 713 a may include a first portion 713a 1 and a second portion 713 a 2. The first portion 713 a 1 may includea first metal element. The first metal element may include titanium(Ti), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), hafnium (Hf), aluminum (Al),zirconium (Zr), or an alloy thereof. Specifically, the first portion 713a 1 may include at least one of Ti, TiN, W, WN, Ta, TaN, HfN, ZrN,TiAlN, TaSiN, TiSiN, and TaAlN. The second portion 713 a 2 may includean oxide of the first portion 713 a 1. For example, the second portion713 a 2 may include at least one of TiO₂, TiON, WO₃, WON, TaO, TaON,HfO₂, HfON, ZrO₂, ZrON, TiAlON, TaSiON, TiSiON, and TaAlON.

In some embodiments, the first portion 713 a 1 may include titaniumnitride (TiN). In some embodiments, the second portion 713 a 2 mayinclude titanium oxynitride (TiON) and/or titanium oxide (TiO₂). In someembodiments, the second portion 713 a 2 may consist of titaniumoxynitride (TiON) and/or titanium oxide (TiO₂).

In general, an electric resistance of titanium nitride (TiN), which isan electric conductor, is significantly low compared to titaniumoxynitride (TiON) or titanium oxide (TiO₂), which is an electricinsulator. An electric resistance of the second portion 713 a 2 ishigher than that of the first portion 713 a 1. In some embodiments, anelectric resistance of the second portion 713 a 2 may be 10 times orgreater, 100 times or greater, or 500 times or greater compared to thatof the first portion 713 a 1.

The first portion 713 a 1 may be mainly located over the floor portion713 af. The second portion 713 a 2 may be mainly located over the sidewall 713 aw.

A distinction may be made between the first portion 713 a 1 and thesecond portion 713 a 2 by an interface IF. The interface IF may bedefined based on a concentration of an oxide. For example, a locationwhere, while a concentration of the above-described oxide (e.g., TiO₂,TiON, WO₃, WON, TaO, TaON, HfO₂, HfON, ZrO₂, ZrON, TiAlON, TaSiON,TiSiON, TaAlON) changes according to a location from the floor portion713 af to a top of the side wall 713 aw, the concentration of the oxidesubstantially discontinuously increases may be defined as the interfaceIF.

In some embodiments, the interface IF between the first portion 713 a 1and the second portion 713 a 2 may be located at the floor portion 713af.

Referring to FIG. 15 , the interface IF between the first portion 713 a1 and the second portion 713 a 2 may be located at the side wall 713 aw.

In some embodiments, the concentration of the oxide may graduallychange. In other words, the concentration of the oxide may graduallyincrease or decrease without a leaping point on the analysis material.In this case, it may be difficult to define the interface IF in view ofthe above-described definition of the interface IF.

In this case, a distinction may be made between the first portion 713 a1 and the second portion 713 a 2 by a transition section TR. FIG. 16illustrates a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a semiconductordevice 700B having the transition section TR between the first portion713 a 1 and the second portion 713 a 2.

Referring to FIG. 16 , the transition section TR may be between thefirst portion 713 a 1 located over the floor portion 713 af and thesecond portion 713 a 2 located over the side wall 713 aw. The transitionsection TR may be defined as a region where the concentration of theoxide is 30% to 70% of a maximum concentration in the first lowerelectrode pattern 713 a.

FIG. 17 illustrates various stages in an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor devices 700, 700A, and 700B in FIGS. 14to 16 . The method may be performed in the same manner until theoperations illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11E, and the operation of FIG. 17may succeed that of FIG. 11E.

Referring to FIG. 17 , a mold layer pattern 109 a may be removed fromthe substrate 101 and the lower electrode structure 719. The removingprocess of the mold layer pattern 109 a may be performed through a wetetching process. The side surfaces and the upper surface of the lowerelectrode structure 719 and an upper surface of an etch stop pattern 107a may be exposed by the removing process of the mold layer pattern 109a. Specifically, side surfaces and a top surface of the first lowerelectrode pattern 713 a, a top surface of the barrier layer 115 a, and atop surface of the second lower electrode pattern 117 a may be exposedby the removing process of the mold layer pattern 109 a.

After the removing process, the dielectric layer 121 covering theexposed side surfaces and upper surface of the lower electrode structure719 may be formed. The dielectric layer 121 may include TiO₂ or TiONformed, for example, by using TiH gas and O₃ gas as a reaction gas. Asdescribed above, the reaction gas O₃ may react with the first lowerelectrode pattern 713 a and partially oxidize the first lower electrodepattern 713 a. In this regard, an oxidized portion of the first lowerelectrode pattern 713 a corresponds to the second portion 713 a 2described above with reference to FIGS. 14 to 16 , and an unoxidizedportion of the first lower electrode pattern 713 a corresponds to thefirst portion 713 a 1 described above with reference to FIGS. 14 to 16 .

The way the second portion 713 a 2 is formed may change according toprocess conditions under which the dielectric layer 121 is formed.Although it is not intended to limit one or more embodiments describedherein to a particular theory, the way an interface between the firstportion 713 a 1 and the second portion 713 a 2 is formed may changeaccording to temperature, composition of an oxidizing agent, whetherpartial oxidization reaction of the first lower electrode pattern 713 ais diffusion-controlled or reaction-controlled, etc.

Intrusion of the reaction gas O₃ into the second lower electrode pattern117 a may be prevented by the barrier layer 115 a. Thus, oxidization ofthe second lower electrode pattern 117 a may be suppressed. Thedielectric layer 121 may be formed by ALD, CVD, or PVD.

After the dielectric layer 121 is formed, a heat treatment process maybe further performed. The heat treatment process may improvecrystallinity of the first lower electrode pattern 713 a, which isunderlying the dielectric layer 121, and thus may improve crystallinityof the dielectric layer 121 on the first lower electrode pattern 113 a.When crystallinity of the dielectric layer 121 increases, a dielectricconstant of the dielectric layer 121 may increase.

Referring to FIGS. 14 to 16 again, the semiconductor devices 700, 700A,and 700B may be manufactured by forming the upper electrode structure123 on the dielectric layer 121. The upper electrode structure 123 maybe formed by ALD, CVD, or PVD.

FIG. 18 illustrates a cross-sectional view of still another embodimentof a semiconductor device 800.

Referring to FIG. 18 , the semiconductor device 800 may include thesubstrate 101, a lower electrode structure 819 above the substrate 101and extending in a direction (direction Z) perpendicular to an uppersurface of the substrate 101, the dielectric layer 121 on inner sidesurfaces and an upper surface of the lower electrode structure 819, andthe upper electrode structure 123 on the dielectric layer 121. Thesubstrate 101, the dielectric layer 121, and the upper electrodestructure 123 have been described in detail with reference to FIG. 1A,etc., and accordingly, concrete descriptions thereof are omitted.

The lower electrode structure 819 may have a cylinder shape having afloor portion and may be disposed in a lower electrode hole 819 h. Thelower electrode structure 819 may have an inner surface, and thedielectric layer 121 may line the inner side surface of the lowerelectrode structure 819 and an upper surface of the floor portion. Also,the upper electrode structure 123 may protrude downwards and be insertedinto a space defined by the dielectric layer 121. The dielectric layer121 may horizontally extend along the upper surface of the lowerelectrode structure 819.

The lower electrode structure 819 includes a first lower electrodepattern 813 a, the barrier layer 115 a, and a second lower electrodepattern 817 a. The first lower electrode pattern 813 a includes a sidewall 813 aw and a floor portion 813 af. The first lower electrodepattern 813 a may have a cylinder shape as the first lower electrodepattern 713 a does. The barrier layer 115 a may line an inner surface ofthe side wall 813 aw of the first lower electrode pattern 813 a and anupper surface of the floor portion 813 af. In some embodiments, thebarrier layer 115 a may extend, in a substantially uniform thickness,along an inner surface of the side wall 813 aw and an upper surface ofthe floor portion 813 af. Accordingly, as the first lower electrodepattern 813 a does, the barrier layer 115 a may also have a cylindershape having a side wall 115 aw and a floor portion 115 af.

The second lower electrode pattern 817 a may line an inner surface ofthe side wall 115 aw of the barrier layer 115 a and an upper surface ofthe floor portion 115 af. The second lower electrode pattern 817 a mayextend along the inner surface of the side wall 115 aw and the uppersurface of the floor portion 115 af. In some embodiments, a thickness ofthe second lower electrode pattern 817 a may be uniform. In someembodiments, a thickness of the second lower electrode pattern 817 a maychange according to location. Similar to the barrier layer 115 a, thesecond lower electrode pattern 817 a may also have a cylinder shapehaving a side wall and a floor portion.

The dielectric layer 121 may cover an inner surface and an upper surfaceof the second lower electrode pattern 817 a, and further, may extend tocover an upper surface of the barrier layer 115 a and an upper surfaceof the first lower electrode pattern 813 a. In some embodiments, thedielectric layer 121 may be connected to a dielectric layer of aneighboring semiconductor device at substantially the same level as anupper surface of the first lower electrode pattern 813 a. The dielectriclayer 121 may vertically extend along the inner surface of the secondlower electrode pattern 817 a but does not vertically extend along anouter side wall of the first lower electrode pattern 813 a.

An interlayer insulation layer 803 may be disposed between twoneighboring semiconductor devices 800. Specifically, the lower electrodehole 819 h may be formed in the interlayer insulation layer 803, and thesemiconductor device 800 may be provided in the lower electrode hole 819h. In some embodiments, an outer side wall of the first lower electrodepattern 813 a of the semiconductor device 800 may be covered by theinterlayer insulation layer 803. In some embodiments, an outer side wallof the first lower electrode pattern 813 a does not directly contact theinterlayer insulation layer 803 but may be surrounded by the interlayerinsulation layer 803. In this regard, without an electric conductor,there may be only an electric insulator between the outer side wall ofthe first lower electrode pattern 813 a and the interlayer insulationlayer 803.

The first lower electrode pattern 813 a may include a first portionincluding a first metal element. The first metal element may includetitanium (Ti), tungsten (W), tantalum (Ta), hafnium (Hf), aluminum (Al),zirconium (Zr), or an alloy thereof. Specifically, the first portion mayinclude at least one of Ti, TiN, W, WN, Ta, TaN, HfN, ZrN, TiAlN, TaSiN,TiSiN, and TaAlN. In some embodiments, the first lower electrode pattern813 a may not include an oxide of metal or an oxide of metal nitride.

The second lower electrode pattern 817 a may include an oxide of thefirst portion. For example, the oxide of the first portion may includeat least one of TiO₂, TiON, WO₃, WON, TaO, TaON, HfO₂, HfON, ZrO₂, ZrON,TiAlON, TaSiON, TiSiON, and TaAlON. In some embodiments, the secondlower electrode pattern 817 a may entirely consist of the oxide of thefirst portion.

In some embodiments, the second lower electrode pattern 817 a mayinclude a first portion including a first metal element, and a secondportion, which is an oxide of the first portion. FIGS. 19 to 21schematically illustrate examples of the second lower electrode pattern817 a including a first portion 817 a 1 and a second portion 817 a 2.

Referring to FIG. 19 , the second lower electrode pattern 817 a includesthe first portion 817 a 1 and the second portion 817 a 2. The secondportion 817 a 2 may be located over the side wall 817 aw. The firstportion 817 a 1 neighboring the second portion 817 a 2 with theinterface IF therebetween may be located over the floor portion 817 afand the side wall 817 aw adjacent thereto.

Referring to FIG. 20 , the interface IF may be located at the floorportion 817 af. The first portion 817 a 1 may be limited to the floorportion 817 af. Also, the entire side wall 817 aw may be included in thesecond portion 817 a 2. A portion of the second portion 817 a 2 mayextend to the floor portion 817 af.

Referring to FIG. 21 , as illustrated in FIG. 16 , the transitionsection TR may be between the first portion 817 a 1 and the secondportion 817 a 2.

FIGS. 22A-22G illustrate various stages in an embodiment of a method formanufacturing the semiconductor device 800 in FIGS. 18 to 21 .

Referring to FIG. 22A, a preliminary interlayer insulation layer may beformed on the substrate 101. The interlayer insulation layer 103,including a contact hole exposing a surface of the substrate 101, may beformed by etching a partial region of the preliminary interlayerinsulation layer. The surface of the substrate 101 that is exposed tothe bottom of the contact hole may be a surface of a transistor or aconductive line in the substrate 101. The contact plug 105 may be formedby filling the contact hole with a conductive material and performingpolishing to expose an upper surface of the interlayer insulation layer103. The etch stop layer 107 may be formed on the interlayer insulationlayer 103 and the contact plug 105, the etch stop layer 107 including aninsulating material.

The mold layer 109 and a anti-reflection layer 136 may be formed on theetch stop layer 107. The mold layer 109 may be a layer for forming thelower electrode hole 819 h in which the lower electrode structure 819 isprovided as shown in FIGS. 18 to 21 . Accordingly, the thickness of themold layer 109 may be formed to be the same as or higher than a heightof the lower electrode structure 819. The mold layer 109 may include amaterial having high etch selectivity with respect to the etch stoplayer 107. The mold layer 109 may include, for example, silicon oxideand may include BPSG, TOSZ, HDP, PE-TEOS, etc. The anti-reflection layer136 may include, for example, silicon oxynitride (SiON).

Referring to FIG. 22B, the mold layer 109 and the etch stop layer 107 ofFIG. 22A may be partially etched to form the opening OP exposing anupper surface of the contact plug 105. Thus, the etch stop layer pattern107 a and the mold layer pattern 109 a exposing the upper surface of thecontact plug 105 may be formed on the interlayer insulation layer 103and the contact plug 105.

Referring to FIG. 22C, a first lower electrode material layer 813 m, abarrier material layer 115 m, and a second lower electrode materiallayer 817 m are sequentially formed to cover inner side surfaces and thebottom of the opening OP of FIG. 22B. Each of the first lower electrodematerial layer 813 m, the barrier material layer 115 m, and the secondlower electrode material layer 817 m may be formed, for example, by ALD,CVD, or PVD, but is not particularly limited thereto.

The barrier material layer 115 m may be metal silicon nitride, forexample, TiSiN, TaSiN, WSiN, ZrSiN, AlSiN, etc. In some embodiments,when the barrier material layer 115 m is TiSiN, the barrier materiallayer 115 m may be formed by using SiH₄ or SiH₂Cl₂, which is a siliconsource, TiCl₄, which is a titanium source, and N₂ or NH₃ gas, which is anitrogen source.

Referring to FIG. 22D, a sacrificial layer 162 is formed over an innerspace defined by the second lower electrode material layer 817 m and anupper surface of the second lower electrode material layer 817 m. Thesacrificial layer 162 may include a photoresist layer or a silicon oxidelayer.

Referring to FIG. 22E, the sacrificial layer 162, the first lowerelectrode material layer 813 m, the barrier material layer 115 m, andthe second lower electrode material layer 817 m may be partially removeduntil an upper surface of the anti-reflection layer 136 is exposed.Removal of the sacrificial layer 162, the first lower electrode materiallayer 813 m, the barrier material layer 115 m, and the second lowerelectrode material layer 817 m may be performed by etch-back or chemicalmechanical polishing (CMP). Also, the lower electrode structure 819including the first lower electrode pattern 813 a, the barrier layer 115a, and the second lower electrode pattern 817 a is formed by theremoval.

Referring to FIG. 22F, a sacrificial layer 162 a may be removed by wetetching or ashing. When the sacrificial layer 162 a includesphotoresist, ashing may be effective, and when the sacrificial layer 162a includes silicon oxide, wet etching may be effective.

Referring to FIG. 22G, the dielectric layer 121 covering the bottom,inner side surfaces, and an upper surface of the second lower electrodepattern 817 a, an upper surface of the barrier layer 115 a, and an uppersurface of the first lower electrode pattern 813 a may be formed. Thedielectric layer 121 may include TiO₂ or TiON formed, for example, byusing TiH gas and O₃ gas as a reaction gas. The reaction gas O₃ mayreact with the second lower electrode pattern 817 a and at leastpartially oxidize the second lower electrode pattern 817 a. However,intrusion of the reaction gas O₃ into the first lower electrode pattern813 a may be prevented by the barrier layer 115 a. Thus, oxidization ofthe first lower electrode pattern 813 a may be suppressed. Thedielectric layer 121 may be formed by ALD, CVD, or PVD.

After the dielectric layer 121 is formed, a heat treatment process maybe further performed. The heat treatment process may improvecrystallinity of the second lower electrode pattern 817 a, which isunderlying the dielectric layer 121, and thus may improve crystallinityof the dielectric layer 121 on the second lower electrode pattern 817 a.When crystallinity of the dielectric layer 121 increases, a dielectricconstant of the dielectric layer 121 may increase.

Afterwards, the upper electrode structure 123 may be formed on thedielectric layer 121 to manufacture the semiconductor device 800. Theupper electrode structure 123 may be formed by ALD, CVD, or PVD.

Example embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specificterms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a genericand descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In someinstances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art asof the filing of the present application, features, characteristics,and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment maybe used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/orelements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwisespecifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those ofskill in the art that various changes in form and details may be madewithout departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention asset forth in the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a substrate; alower electrode structure disposed on the substrate; a dielectric layerdisposed on the lower electrode structure; and an upper electrodestructure disposed on the dielectric layer, wherein: the lower electrodestructure comprises: a first lower electrode pattern having a firstrecess; a second lower electrode pattern disposed in the first recess ofthe first lower electrode pattern and having a second recess; and athird lower electrode pattern fully filling the second recess of thesecond lower electrode pattern, the first lower electrode pattern iscylinder-shaped, the second lower electrode pattern is cylinder-shaped,and the dielectric layer contacts the first lower electrode pattern, thesecond lower electrode pattern and the third lower electrode pattern. 2.The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein the dielectric layercontacts a top surface of the third lower electrode pattern.
 3. Thesemiconductor device of claim 2, wherein a top surface of the firstlower electrode pattern is substantially co-planar with a top surface ofthe second lower electrode pattern.
 4. The semiconductor device of claim1, wherein the third lower electrode pattern is cylinder-shaped with afilled interior.
 5. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein thesecond lower electrode pattern includes a metal nitride layer.
 6. Thesemiconductor device of claim 1, further comprising a first supportdisposed on a side surface of the first lower electrode pattern,wherein: the first support includes a top surface, a bottom surface, anda side surface between the top surface and the bottom surface, thedielectric layer is disposed on the top surface and the bottom surfaceof the first support, and the side surface of the first support isdirectly in contact with the side surface of the first lower electrodepattern.
 7. The semiconductor device of claim 6, further comprising asecond support disposed under the first support and disposed on the sidesurface of the first lower electrode pattern, wherein: the secondsupport includes a top surface, a bottom surface, and a side surfacebetween the top surface and the bottom surface, the dielectric layer isdisposed on the top surface and the bottom surface of the secondsupport, and the side surface of the second support is directly incontact with the side surface of the first lower electrode pattern. 8.The semiconductor device of claim 6, wherein a top surface of the firstlower electrode pattern is disposed higher than the top surface of thefirst support.
 9. The semiconductor device of claim 1, wherein thesecond lower electrode pattern has a multilayer structure and includes anitride-based material.
 10. A semiconductor device comprising: asubstrate; a lower electrode structure disposed on the substrate; adielectric layer disposed on the lower electrode structure; and an upperelectrode structure disposed on the dielectric layer, wherein: the lowerelectrode structure comprises: a first lower electrode pattern, a topsurface of the first lower electrode pattern having a first recess; asecond lower electrode pattern disposed in the first recess of the firstlower electrode pattern, a top surface of the second lower electrodepattern having a second recess; and a third lower electrode patterndisposed on the second lower electrode pattern, and including a firstportion and a second portion disposed on the first portion, the firstlower electrode pattern is cylinder-shaped, the second lower electrodepattern is cylinder-shaped, the first portion of the third lowerelectrode pattern fully fills the second recess of the second lowerelectrode pattern, a bottom surface of the second portion of the thirdlower electrode pattern contacts at least one of the top surface of thefirst lower electrode pattern and the top surface of the second lowerelectrode pattern, and the dielectric layer contacts a side surface ofthe first lower electrode pattern, and a top surface and a side surfaceof the second portion of the third lower electrode pattern.
 11. Thesemiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the bottom surface of thesecond portion of the third lower electrode pattern is substantiallycoplanar with the at least one of the top surface of the first lowerelectrode pattern and the top surface of the second lower electrodepattern.
 12. The semiconductor device of claim 11, wherein the topsurface of the first lower electrode pattern is substantially coplanarwith the top surface of the second lower electrode pattern.
 13. Thesemiconductor device of claim 12, wherein the side surface of the secondportion of the third lower electrode pattern is vertically coplanar withthe side surface of the first lower electrode pattern.
 14. Thesemiconductor device of claim 10, wherein a width of the second portionof the third lower electrode pattern is greater than a width of thefirst portion of the third lower electrode pattern.
 15. Thesemiconductor device of claim 10, wherein the first lower electrodepattern contacts the second lower electrode pattern and the third lowerelectrode pattern, and the second lower electrode pattern contacts thethird lower electrode pattern.
 16. A semiconductor device comprising: asubstrate; a first insulation layer disposed on the substrate; a contactplug penetrating the first insulation layer and electrically connectedto the substrate; a second insulation layer disposed on the firstinsulation layer and having a through-hole exposing a top surface of thecontact plug; a lower electrode structure disposed on the contact plug;a dielectric layer disposed on the lower electrode structure; and anupper electrode structure disposed on the dielectric layer, wherein: thelower electrode structure comprises: a first lower electrode patterndisposed in the through-hole of the second insulation layer andcontacting the top surface of the contact plug, the first lowerelectrode pattern being cylinder-shape and having a first recess; asecond lower electrode pattern disposed in the first recess of the firstlower electrode pattern, the second lower electrode pattern beingcylinder-shape and having a second recess; and a third lower electrodepattern disposed on the second lower electrode pattern, and including afirst portion and a second portion disposed on the first portion, thefirst portion of the third lower electrode pattern fully fills thesecond recess of the second lower electrode pattern, a bottom surface ofthe second portion of the third lower electrode pattern contacts atleast one of a top surface of the first lower electrode pattern and atop surface of the second lower electrode pattern, the dielectric layercontacts the first lower electrode pattern and the third lower electrodepattern, a width of the second portion of the third lower electrodepattern in a direction that is parallel to a top surface of thesubstrate is greater than a width of the first portion of the thirdlower electrode pattern in the direction, and the bottom surface of thesecond portion of the third lower electrode pattern is substantiallycoplanar with at least one of the top surface of the first lowerelectrode pattern and the top surface of the second lower electrodepattern.
 17. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein a sidesurface of the second portion of the third lower electrode pattern isvertically coplanar with a side surface of the first lower electrodepattern.
 18. The semiconductor device of claim 16, wherein thedielectric layer contacts a side surface of the first lower electrodepattern, and a top surface and a side surface of the second portion ofthe third lower electrode pattern.
 19. The semiconductor device of claim16, wherein the first lower electrode pattern contacts the second lowerelectrode pattern and the third lower electrode pattern, and the secondlower electrode pattern contacts the third lower electrode pattern.